by Haiti Grassroots Watch and Inter Press Service
Outraged that they have not been consulted, this week Haitian senators called for a moratorium on all activities connected with recently granted gold and copper mining permits.
In a resolution approved by 15 of 16 senators present, the lawmakers also demanded the establishment of a commission to review all of the current mining contracts and “a national debate on the country’s mineral resources.”
The resolution – voted Feb. 20 in reaction to three new gold and copper mining permits issued late last year by the government – decried “the genocide that accompanied the pillage of our mineral resources in the 15th century”, “the waste of resources… since the Jan. 12, 2010 earthquake,” the foreign mining experiences of the 20th century which caused “trauma,” and “the incapacity of our country to calmly undertake negotiations related to its mineral resources in a context of political disequilibrium.”
News of the permits first caused an uproar in January. Journalists, experts, and politicians speculated on what Haiti had lost or would gain, and accused the state mining agency (the Bureau des Mines et d’Energie – BME) of granting “illegal” contracts.
Parliamentary protest
The senators say that the three new permits violate the Haitian Constitution because they are based on 1997 conventions that were never approved by the parliament.
The Constitution says that the parliament must “approve or reject international treaties and conventions” (Art. 98-3). According to attorney Mario Joseph, director of the Office of International Lawyers, “The conventions are illegal, because the parliament did not ratify them.”
At a special hearing on Jan. 22, senators accused BME director Ludner Remarais of subverting the law.
“In 20 years the parliament has never ratified any mining conventions,” Senator Steven Benoit (West) thundered, while Senator Andris Riché (Grande Anse) shouted: “We must not accept wacky contracts that seek to bury the people.”
“I am sorry the Senate was never contacted,” Remarais responded, tears in his eyes.
However, the conventions are not “international” because they concern the government and companies that – at least on paper – are Haitian. The BME’s former director, Dieuseul Anglade, maintains that the conventions are not “illegal” because the government decided to sign and publish them as decrees, i.e. without ratification.
“Decrees have the same authority as laws,” Anglade told IPS in a telephone interview on Feb. 6, 2013. “If someone wants to be a demagogue or make political hay, he can call the conventions ‘illegal,’ but they are legal.”
New permits not really “new”
The three “new” permits – for mining deposits in Morne Bossa, Douvray, and “Faille B” in Haiti’s North and Northeast departments – are not new. They are the conversion of permits for “exploration” into permits for “exploitation.”
They were originally granted in 1997 by the René Préval government via two mining conventions with two Haitian companies – St. Genevieve S.A. and Société Minière Citadelle S.A. Because they were sold or they changed their names, today the conventions are held by two small firms, also ostensibly Haitian: Société Minière Delta and Société Minière du Nord-Est SA (DOMINE S.A.).
But in both cases, the power rests overseas, in the hands of foreign companies and shareholders.
The Société Minière Delta is the property of VCS Mining, a small U.S. private company registered in the state of Delaware, infamous for its laws which permit firms to hide their profits, keep their operations secret, and pay minimal taxes.
DOMINE S.A. is a subsidiary of the Canadian mining company Majescor, which says it specializes in “emerging” regions. Last month, Majescor offered for sale over $2 million worth of shares for “the DOMINE project.” Majescor says it controls DOMINE because it controls a company called SIMACT Alliance Copper-Gold Inc., which in turn controls the majority of DOMINE shares.
The three mining permits are the most advanced of the dozens of permits for one-third of Haiti’s north (about 2,500 square kilometers) handed out in recent years and will convert into concessions once the companies start mining.
VCS Mining, the company working in Morne Bossa, maintains that it has followed Haitian law from the beginning. Last year, VCS submitted the required “feasibility study” for the site, which maps out the steps they will take in order to prepare for mining, and it was finally accepted by the BME in November, a representative told IPS in a telephone interview.
The spokesman – who asked not to be identified by name because his company has decided to keep a low profile until the resolution of the BME-Senate conflict – insisted, “We have done the work as required by law. The permits are legal.”
The VCS representative also said that his company has invested over $4 million in the Morne Bossa site so far, and that since gold was first discovered by UN geologists in the late 1970s, “over 38 million [dollars] has been spent.”
Now what?
Seeking verification and clarification, IPS requested an interview with BME director Ludner Remarais. The interview was three times promised, and then denied. IPS wanted to confirm what VCS said, to ask for a copy of the feasibility studies, and also to ask about the illegality of the original conventions.
IPS also wanted to ask Remarais about the very low royalties in the two mining conventions. Both award the Haitian state only 2.5% of the value of the minerals extracted – a number that is “really low,” according to mining royalties expert Claire Kumar.
“Anything under 5% is just really ludicrous for a country like Haiti,” Kumar told IPS in 2012. “You shouldn’t even consider it. For a country with a weak state, the royalty is the safest place to get your money.”
According to Haitian mining law, the financial agreements in a convention can be “revised,” but so far, no government official has mentioned the possibility.
The other major concerns are lack of transparency, and the lack of participation from and benefits to local communities. (See “Morne Bossa Neighbors Nervous”)
The Feb. 20 Senate resolution cannot legally block mining activities, but it will undoubtedly cause the BME and the government to pause, according to Eddy Laguerre, a lawyer and also a member of the editorial staff at the Haitian weekly Le Matin.
“When the Senate votes a resolution, the executive needs to be careful,” Laguerre told IPS in a telephone interview. “If the resolution is not respected, the Senate can find ways to punish the executive, and can even punish it politically by calling for a change in government.”
Haiti Grassroots Watch is a partnership of AlterPresse, the Society of the Animation of Social Communication (SAKS), the Network of Women Community Radio Broadcasters (REFRAKA), community radio stations from the Association of Haitian Community Media and students from the Journalism Laboratory at the State University of Haiti.
A Haitian farmer stands next to a marker indicating where VCS made a test drill
in Morne Bossa.
Credit:
HGW/Ben Depp
Map showing location of Morne Bossa in mineral belt running across Hispaniola.
Credit:
VCS website
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